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Myopia is a major public health problem worldwide, including India, with the global prevalence of myopia increasing rapidly over decades. The clinical and socioeconomic impact of myopia is also expected to rise with rising prevalence. Therefore, the focus has now been shifted to prevent the incidence and progression of myopia. However, there is lack of any standardized guidelines for myopia management. This document aims to generate a national-level expert consensus statement on the management of childhood myopia in the Indian scenario. The expert panel of pediatric ophthalmologists consisted of 63 members who met in a hybrid meeting. A list of topics deliberating discussion in the meeting was provided to the experts in advance and they were instructed to provide their opinions on the matter during the meet. The panel of experts then gave their views on each of the items presented, deliberated on different aspects of childhood myopia, and reached a consensus regarding the practice patterns in the Indian scenario. In case of opposing views or lack of a clear consensus, we undertook further discussion and evaluated literature to help arrive at a consensus. A written document is prepared based on recommendations explaining definition of myopia, refraction techniques, components and methods of workup, initiation of anti-myopia treatment, type and timing of interventions, follow-up schedule, and indications for revised or combination treatment. This article formulates evidence-based guidelines for progressing myopes and pre-myopes and also establishes uniformity in the management of childhood myopia in the country.
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Dental students face various threats during the time of their clinical training and learning, one of those is the possibility to be exposed to blood-borne infections, with the associated risk of HIV. According to UNAIDS, presently there are approximately 36.9 million people living with HIV/AIDS across the globe. The types of exposure which may pose risk to the dentist of acquiring blood-borne pathogens may be; percutaneous injury (e.g., Injury with needle-stick or with a sharp instrument), contact with the mucous membranes of the mouth or eye, contact with non-intact skin (e.g. chapped or abraded skin, or dermatitis affected skin). Methods: This was a cross sectional analytical study, conducted among Interns of various dental colleges of Lucknow, U.P. The study population of only 275 BDS interns voluntarily completed the questionnaire. A self-administrated questionnaire consisting of 14 close-ended items was used for data collection. The interns were given the questionnaire at the time of their clinical posting in various departments and were asked to fill it out without discussing it in fifteen minutes. Results: Total of 274 interns completed the survey. 83.2 % (n=228) interns heard about the term PEP. 93 % said that there should be guidelines regarding PEP in working areas, and 95% said that PEP can reduce the chances of developing AIDS in patients exposed accidentally to the used instrument/syringe. 53.3 % i.e. 146 interns had been pricked accidentally by infected instrument / Syringe. shockingly only 18 % interns went for the right way of PEP i.e. they first washed the prick area under running water, got the lab test of the patient and of self-done and by the time report comes they sought for medical advice and started the drug regimen. Conclusions: As this study as well as other studies in past have revealed that this is not rare for a dental practitioner to get pricked by any infected instrument or syringe during working on dental patients, the education of BDS students in Post Exposure Prophylaxis is mandatory which is not at all a part of BDS curriculum and thereby keeping dental graduates devoid of this life saving knowledge
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Health professionals, especially physicians, medical and dental students are always in direct contact with patients and are vulnerable to the acquisition of infections like hepatitis B.4 Moreover, graduates in dentistry also require advanced health care training, clinical knowledge on infection control.5 Therefore, the current study was conducted to assess and compare the level of awareness and attitude towards hepatitis B infection among medical and dental students of Lucknow. Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 medical and dental students of King George Medical University, Lucknow using a self-structured questionnaire, over the time period of 3 months. This selfadministered questionnaire comprised of 24 closed-ended questions to assess the awareness and attitude of students regarding HBV infection. 100 medical and 100 dental students were selected using simple random sampling method. Results: The study was conducted among 200 medical and dental students. Majority 99(99%) medical students and 98(98%) dental students had heard about hepatitis B infection. 97(97%) medical students thought it was blood borne infection and 93(93%) dental students thought it was a blood borne infection. 99 (99%) medical and 100(100%) dental students thought it was transmitted by all the given routes. It was noticed that only 5(5%) medical and only 4(4%) dental student checked their antibody status after vaccination. It was also noticed that 61(61%) medical and 47 (47%) dental students thought dentist or physician infected with HBV should avoid patient treatment especially surgery. 56(56%) medical and 61 (61%) dental students thought infection of Hep B can be prevented by Hep B Vaccine completely. Conclusion: Majority of medical and dental students have heard about HBV infection, they know about modes of transmission and vaccination schedule. It was noted that, majority of medical and dental students undergo vaccination for hepatitis B, but all of them have not completed all three doses of vaccination. The reason behind this attitude was lack of motivation or they never thought of it. Most of them acknowledged that dentists are at high risk of exposure and every patient undergoing surgical procedure should go for HBV investigation. A significant fraction of medical and dental students infected with HBV did not avoid working on the patients even during surgery. Hence, a regular awareness program for all the students would be very beneficial.
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Introduction: A healthy oral cavity aids a subject inperforming their routine body functions, which in turn helpsin providing adequate nutrition to the body. For the occurrenceof periodontal pathologies and dental caries, one of themajor risk factors is poor oral hygiene. The importance oforal hygiene cannot be detached from the general context ofadolescence. Adolescence has the capability of independentlyattaining adequate oral hygiene but self-awareness is missingin adolescence.Material and methods: The present cross-sectionalstudy was conducted among 12 to 15 years old 199 schoolchildren of Lucknow semi-urban area using a self-structuredquestionnaire. List of schools in the periphery of Lucknowwas searched and 8 schools were chosen using simplerandom technique (2 from every direction). Selected subjectswere analyzed for basic oral health knowledge, attitude,and practices of oral hygiene using the self-structuredquestionnaire. The oral hygiene status was evaluated usingsimplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S). Oral prophylaxiswas performed and oral health education was given to all thesubjects, using a power point presentation, and tooth brushingmodel. All subjects were reassessed after 4 weeks. The valueswere compared.Results: 199 students were present on both the day ofexamination. All the subjects were taken from 6th and 7thstandard falling into the age range of 12 to 15 years. Significantimprovement in OHI-S scores (before-2.62, After – 1.11) wasobserved in this study. Difference in the number of subjectsgiving correct answer at baseline and second visit was alsosignificant showing improvement in their knowledge andpractice of oral hygiene.Conclusion: School based oral health education program is acost effective strategy which can be implemented using veryless infrastructure and personnel. This study also showed thatoral health education program can improve the knowledge,attitude and practice regarding oral hygiene maintenance.Thus this kind of programs should be conducted regularly inschools.
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Introduction: Work related musculoskeletal disorders are oneof the most common health problem among the dentists andthe most common reason for early retirement from dentistrybecause in dentistry, clinically, working field is confined to avery small area (oral cavity). Ergonomics is highly relevantto preventive and occupational medicine, management ofmusculoskeletal injuries and rehabilitation. The objectives ofthis study was to assess the knowledge and practice towardsErgonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) amongdental population.Material and Methods: This was a cross sectional analyticalstudy, conducted among Interns of various dental colleges ofLucknow, U.P. A set of closed ended twelve questions wereprepared to collect the relevant information pertaining tothis study. Questions were related to assess the knowledgeand practice towards ergonomics and work related musculoskeletal disorders. Type of clinical practice, Dentists workingposition, number of clinical working hours, musculo-skeletalproblem, location of pain, were includedResult: The study sample consisted of 225 dental students(195 BDS interns and 30 MDS students) and 56 privatepractitioners. Majority of subjects i.e. 67.89% studentsand 74.57% practitioners said that they don’t know aboutergonomics at all. 75.57% students and 82.13% practitionersaccepted that practicing dentistry without ergonomicsprinciples can cause musculoskeletal disorders. Only 55.6%students and only 8.92% practitioners were strictly followingthe principles of operator’s position, patient’s position anddental chair’s position while treating patients in dentalclinic. 60.71% practitioners and 26.67% students had pain inshoulders, back or extremities regularly, 26.78% practitionersand 51.11% students had pain sometimes whereas only 12.7%practitioners and 22.23% students never had pain.Conclusion: The key for dental clinicians for staying healthyand fit is to adopt an ergonomic position all the times andadopting yoga/exercise in their daily routine thus preventingthem from developing MSDs. Faculty in the institutions arerequired to teach these principles on ‘need for dentist’s health’basis rather than just as a curriculum since BDS first year sothat prevention of MSDs can be implemented at primary level
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Background: Fluoride in groundwater is more common in crystalline igneous rocks and alkaline soils located in semiarid climate, which exist in the northwestern parts of the Jharkhand state in the district of Garhwa and Palamu. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the intelligent quotient among children affected with and without dental fluorosis visiting dental college in the Garhwa district. Methods: The present prospective study comprised of 30 subjects selected randomly in the age group of 6-12 years visiting Vananchal dental college & hospital, Garhwa. The study compared IQ levels of children of study and control groups by means of Seguin Form Board Test. Data so obtained was statistically analyzed using Student ‘t’ test with p value <0.05 as significant value. Results: Regarding drinking water source, 45% was drinking groundwater among study group. Mean scores for average timing category was found to be significantly higher (P<0.05) among children with dental fluorosis (29±2.87) than among children without dental fluorosis (27±3.02). Conclusion: The present study concludes that children with dental fluorosis have low Intelligence Quotient (IQ) than children without dental fluorosis. About half of the patients suffering from dental fluorosis were dependent on groundwater for drinking purposes. Fluoride water level of villages located in these regions should be selected in priority for application of defluoridation measures.
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Background: India’s Smoke-Free Law (SFL) was implemented in 2004 and reinforced on 2nd October 2008. This research attempts to understand the knowledge and opinion of hospitality venue (HV) managers about second-hand smoke (SHS) and SFL as well as self-reported compliance with SFL in two Indian states. Methods: A survey was conducted among 804 randomly sampled HVs from project STEPS (Strengthening of tobacco control efforts through innovative partnerships and strategies) in Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh, India. Four hundred and three HVs from two districts in Gujarat and 401 HVs from six districts in Andhra Pradesh were selected. The owner, manager or supervisor of each HV was interviewed using a pre-tested structured interview schedule. Association of opinion scales with respondents’ background characteristics was assessed through the analysis of variance (ANOVA) method. Results: Out of the 403 respondents in Gujarat and 401 in Andhra Pradesh, 56.1% and 84.3% had knowledge about SFL respectively. Compliance of HVs with SFL was 21.8% in Gujarat and 31.2% in Andhra Pradesh as reported by the managers. Knowledge about SHS was noted among 39.7% of respondents in Gujarat and 25.4% in Andhra Pradesh. Bivariate results indicated that more educated HV managers showed higher support for smoke-free public places (P < 0.001) and were more concerned about the health effects of SHS exposure (P = 0.002). Conclusion: Complete self-reported compliance with, and knowledge of SFL as well as SHS was not found in Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh. The education level of HV managers is an important determinant to ensure compliance with SFL in public places.
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Pictorial warnings are effective in promoting smoking cessation as shown by research in the developed countries. This study aims to determine perceptions of Indians about the effectiveness of pictorial health warnings on tobacco packs which existed from May 31, 2009, to December 1, 2011. A cross-sectional survey was undertaken in five states of India with 1897 participants (56% males; 54% tobacco users). More tobacco users expressed that the pictorial warnings are inadequate to convey the health impact of tobacco use when compared with nonusers (71.50% vs. 62.75%; P < 0.001). More illiterates when compared with literates expressed their concern that the current pictorial warnings will not motivate them to quit (61.17% vs. 51.01%; P < 0.001). The new warnings implemented from December 1, 2011, in India are also not field-tested. Field testing and assessment of effectiveness of health warnings should be a mandatory requirement for Parties reporting on Article 11 of Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC).
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Simultaneous isolated bilateral patellar fractures are very rare injuries and most often associated with systemic disorders such as hyperparathyroidism, osteoporosis, stress fracture and kidney failure. Isolated bilateral traumatic fracture of patella following an unusual mode of injury is seldomly reported in the literature. We reported such a case following a road traffic accident without any associated injuries or co-morbid condition. The patella on the right side had transverse open fracture which was fixed with two Kirschner wires following tension band principle, and that on the left side sustained upper pole comminution which was treated by partial patellectomy. The patient achieved good outcome: at 6 months he was able to squat and sit cross legged; at one year he obtained nearly normal muscle strength and full range of motion. We discussed the injury mechanism, management and rehabilitation in such a case and reviewed the available literature regarding such a presentation.